Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words into phrases, and sentences or syntactical construction.
The smallest unit/ minimal form in the syntax is word, words is the smallest unit that can be written as separate and independent unit.
Words can be classified into two:
1.Part of speech/ form classes/ content word (Nouns, Verbs, Adjective, and Adverb)
Has clear lexical meaning/listed in the dictionary entry, low frequency in use, very great in number, open classes, had a formal markers
2.Structural words ( (Auxiliary Verb : can, may, must, will, etc), (determiners or articles : the, a, this, that, many, several, etc),( preposition : on, in, at, above, etc ),( qualifiers : very, somewhat, quite, etc ), ( interrogators : when, how, who, which, etc ), ( negator : not, never), ( subordinator : if, as, although, after, etc),( coordinator : if, as, although, after, etc), (and other minor group of words.)
Doesn’t always has clear lexical meaning, high frequency in use, low/ limited in number, closed classes, do not have formal marker.
Syntactical construction occurs when words as a minimal forms are put together into a construction
Type of syntactical construction
An Endocentric construction is a syntactical construction in which at least one of the IC’s belong to the same form class as the whole construction.
Kinds of endocentric constructions
a.Attributive construction is a syntactical construction which is consist of attributive(modifier) and head(core of the instructions).
Ex. Some people
Att Head
Number ten
Head att
b.Appositive Const is syntactical constructions formed by noun/noun phrase, followed by N/NP that explained the head N/NP
Ex. Semarang, the capital of central java
N NP
c.Coordinative Construction is syntactical construction formed by noun and coordinate conjunction + another noun
| bothèEx. Both you and I
| andèMy sister and I
| butèI don’t like you but your brother
Exocentric construction is syntactical constructions which none of the IC’s belong to the same form class as the whole construction.
Kind of exocentric construction
Directive Constructions consist of two IC’s Director & axis
IC’s | Director | axis
V + Obj | look at | The girl
|did | the assignment
Prep+N/NP | on | the table
| above | the hills
Conj + Clausa | before | it’s too late
| if | its necessary
| until | I come back
Complementive construction / connective construction 1st IC’s called Copula/copulative verb ( V Cop) the 2nd that complements the copulative verb ( Comp)
V Cop | Complement(comp) | Notes
Be | diligent | adjective as comp
(i)Am | a teacher | noun as comp
(we) are | in the classroom | prep as comp
(this) is | what I want | NC as Comp
complete sentence , consist of subjectèPredicative construction & predicate
IC | IC
It | was raining
He | is angry
He | sings well
The smallest unit/ minimal form in the syntax is word, words is the smallest unit that can be written as separate and independent unit.
Words can be classified into two:
1.Part of speech/ form classes/ content word (Nouns, Verbs, Adjective, and Adverb)
Has clear lexical meaning/listed in the dictionary entry, low frequency in use, very great in number, open classes, had a formal markers
2.Structural words ( (Auxiliary Verb : can, may, must, will, etc), (determiners or articles : the, a, this, that, many, several, etc),( preposition : on, in, at, above, etc ),( qualifiers : very, somewhat, quite, etc ), ( interrogators : when, how, who, which, etc ), ( negator : not, never), ( subordinator : if, as, although, after, etc),( coordinator : if, as, although, after, etc), (and other minor group of words.)
Doesn’t always has clear lexical meaning, high frequency in use, low/ limited in number, closed classes, do not have formal marker.
Syntactical construction occurs when words as a minimal forms are put together into a construction
Type of syntactical construction
An Endocentric construction is a syntactical construction in which at least one of the IC’s belong to the same form class as the whole construction.
Kinds of endocentric constructions
a.Attributive construction is a syntactical construction which is consist of attributive(modifier) and head(core of the instructions).
Ex. Some people
Att Head
Number ten
Head att
b.Appositive Const is syntactical constructions formed by noun/noun phrase, followed by N/NP that explained the head N/NP
Ex. Semarang, the capital of central java
N NP
c.Coordinative Construction is syntactical construction formed by noun and coordinate conjunction + another noun
| bothèEx. Both you and I
| andèMy sister and I
| butèI don’t like you but your brother
Exocentric construction is syntactical constructions which none of the IC’s belong to the same form class as the whole construction.
Kind of exocentric construction
Directive Constructions consist of two IC’s Director & axis
IC’s | Director | axis
V + Obj | look at | The girl
|did | the assignment
Prep+N/NP | on | the table
| above | the hills
Conj + Clausa | before | it’s too late
| if | its necessary
| until | I come back
Complementive construction / connective construction 1st IC’s called Copula/copulative verb ( V Cop) the 2nd that complements the copulative verb ( Comp)
V Cop | Complement(comp) | Notes
Be | diligent | adjective as comp
(i)Am | a teacher | noun as comp
(we) are | in the classroom | prep as comp
(this) is | what I want | NC as Comp
complete sentence , consist of subjectèPredicative construction & predicate
IC | IC
It | was raining
He | is angry
He | sings well
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