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mewah

mewah

Rabu, 29 Desember 2010

makalah

 


 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Bahasa merupakan media komunikasi yang paling efektif yang dipergunakan oleh manusia untuk berinteraksi dengan individu lainnya. Bahasa yang digunakan dalam berinteraksi pada keseharian kita sangat bervariasi bentuknya, baik dilihat dari fungsi maupun bentuknya. Tataran penggunaan bahasa yang dipergunakan oleh masyarakat dalam berinteraksi tentunya tidak lepas dari penggunaan kata atau kalimat yang bermuara pada makna, yang merupakan ruang lingkup dari semantik.
Para peneliti semantik mencatat bahwa leksem dalam suatu leksikon tidak berdiri sendiri akan tetapi, laksem tersebut ada dalam relasi dengan laksem-laksem lain. Leksikon dianggap sebagai suatu sistem yang terjadi dari banayak subsistem. Dalam setiap subsistem tersebut, laksem dihubungkan satu sama lain dengan relasi makna. Salah satu yang kurang disadari oleh banyak orang adalah bahwa relasi makana itu merupakan refleksi konsep yang disimpan oleh penutur bahasa dalam sistem sarafnya. Penyadaran akan peran relasi makna merupakan upaya memperkaya konsep (Kridalaksana, 1988).
Selanjutnya, Kridalaksana (1998) mengemukakan bahwa relasi-relasi makna dalam suatu bahasa ada yang bersifat sintagmatis dan ada yang bersifat paaradigmatis. Relasi makana yang bersifat sintagmaatis adalah kolokasi, biasanya berhubungan dengan penggunaan beberapa akata di dalam lingkungan yang sama. Misalnya, kalau orang mengatakan garam, gula, sayur, tomat, merica, adalah kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan lingkungan dapur. Sedangkan relasi makna yang bersifat paradignatis adalah sinonimi, antonimi. Lyons (1995) mengemukakan bahwa hubungan paradigmatis merupakan hubungan yang ada atau tidak ada di antara unsur yang terdapat dalam konteks yang sama dalam tipe kalimat yang sama.
Chaer (1997: 23) mengemukakan bahwa relasi makna atau hubungan makna adalah hubungan kemaknaan antara sebuah kata atau satuan bahasa (frase, klausa, kalimat) dengan kata atau satuan bahasa lainnya termasuk bahasa Indonesia. Hubungan ini dapat berupa kesmaan makna (sinonimi) kebalikan makna (antonimi), kegandaan makna (polisemi), kelainan makna (homonimi), ketercakupan makna (hiponimi), dan ambiguitas.
Adanya fenomena tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan suatu pengkajian mengenai relasi-relasi makna agar dapat diperoleh dan diketahui berbagai hubungan (relasi) makna dengan kata lainnya. Dengan pemahaman terhadap berbagai relasi-relasi makna, maka dalam menyampaikan suatu informasi kepada lawan tutur dapat menggunakan dengan tepat serta sesuai dengan keadaan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis merasa tertarik ingin meneliti tentang “Relasi-relasi makna dalam bahasa Indonesia”.
Ada beberapa relasi makna menurut Hurford dan Heasly (dalam Ba’dulu, 2001: 20) yakni mencakup: (1) sinonimi; (2) parafrase; (3) hiponimi; (4) entailment; (5) antonimi; (6) ambiguitas; (7) homonimi; dan (8) polisemi. Pada penelitian ini fokus permasalahan hanya pada persoalan antonimi.

Selasa, 07 Desember 2010

gigi rusak akibat

gambar bagian gigi manusia

a.anatomi
Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of tooth structure. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its field of study, though dental occlusion, or contact among teeth, does not. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomic science as it is concerned with the naming of teeth and their structures. This information serves a practical purpose for dentists, enabling them to easily identify teeth and structures during treatment.
The anatomic crown of a tooth is the area covered in enamel above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).[3] The majority of the crow
Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of tooth structure. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its field of study, though dental occlusion, or contact among teeth, does not. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomic science as it is concerned with the naming of teeth and their structures. This information serves a practical purpose for dentists, enabling them to easily identify teeth and structures during treatment.
The anatomic crown of a tooth is the area covered in enamel above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).[3] The majority of the crown is composed of dentin with the pulp chamber in the center.[4] The crown is within bone before eruption.[5] After eruption, it is almost always visible. The anatomic root is found below the cementoenamel junction and is covered with cementum. As with the crown, dentin composes most of the root, which normally have pulp canals. A tooth may have multiple roots or just one root (single-rooted teeth). Canines and most premolars, except for maxillary (upper) first premolars, usually have one root. Maxillary first premolars and mandibular molars usually have two roots. Maxillary molars usually have three roots. Additional roots are referred to as supernumerary roots.n is composed of dentin with the pulp chamber in the center.[4] The crown is within bone before eruption.[5] After eruption, it is almost always visible. The anatomic root is found below the cementoenamel junction and is covered with cementum. As with the crown, dentin composes most of the root, which normally have pulp canals. A tooth may have multiple roots or just one root (single-rooted teeth). Canines and most premolars, except for maxillary (upper) first premolars, usually have one root. Maxillary first premolars and mandibular molars usually have two roots. Maxillary molars usually have three roots. Additional roots are referred to as supernumerary roots.
b.part
Humans usually have 20 primary teeth (also called deciduous, baby, or milk teeth) and 32 permanent teeth. Among primary teeth, ten are found in the (upper) maxilla and the other ten in the (lower) mandible. Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, and molars. In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors, centrals and laterals, and two types of molars, first and second. All primary teeth are replaced with permanent counterparts except for molars, which are replaced by permanent premolars. Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla with the other 16 in the mandible. The maxillary teeth are the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, and maxillary third molar. The mandibular teeth are the mandibular central incisor, mandibular lateral incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular first premolar, mandibular second premolar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar. Third molars are commonly called "wisdom teeth" and may never erupt into the mouth or form at all. If any additional teeth form, for example, fourth and fifth molars, which are rare, they are referred to as supernumerary teeth.[6]
Most teeth have identifiable features that distinguish them from others. There are several different notation systems to refer to a specific tooth. The three most common systems are the FDI World Dental Federation notation, the universal numbering system, and Palmer notation method. The FDI system is used worldwide, and the universal is used widely in the United States.
The bottom teeth are used more for the grinding of food and the top front teeth are mainly used for biting.

Rabu, 01 Desember 2010

personal letter

Personal Letter
Dear miss yoga
Hello miss……………….
How are you today?????????????i hope  fine
I would to share my problem with you.
My name is Raya Angelina G
Miss,,I had been five semester.
And will PPL and KKN in senior high school.i am afraid and nervous because I haven’t ability to teaching them.In other hand ,I would gratuaded in 2012 year,but I fall my value not enough take skripsi.
What should I do???
Help me ,miss ???????
Give me solution to escape for this condition.Thanks for your attention,see you tomorrow
                                                                                                                                                                LOVE

                                                                                                                                                RAYA ANGELINA G
                                                                                                                                                                VE